126 
C5 


UC  NRLF 


/ 


CLARKE'S 


NEW 


PRIMARY  GEOGRAPHY. 


I 

rORMINQ    THE    FIRST   PART    Of 


BANCROFT'S  GEOGRAPHICAL  AND  HISTORICAL  SERIES. 


PRINCIPAL   OP   CITY   PKMALK  8EIIINABY,    SAN    FRANCISOO. 


BT 

CHARLES  RUSSELL  CLARKE,  A.  M., 

r) 


SAN   FRANCISCO: 
n.    II.    BANCROFT    k    COMPANY. 

18C6. 


^7^73 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  A.  D.  1S66, 

By  H.  H.  BANCROFT  &  COMPANY, 

In  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States  for  the 
Northern  District  of  California. 


INTRODUCTION. 


The  three  books  of  this  series,  to  wit,  tlio  Primary^  tlio  Intermediate,  and  the 
School  Geogrnpliy,  aim  respectively  to  address  and  cultivate  tlie  powers  of  Perception, 
Representation,  and  Reflection.  In  the  Primary  Geograpiiy,  the  pupil  is  taugiit  to 
observe:  in  the  Intermediate,  to  remember  and  imagine:  and  in  the  School  Geog- 
raphy, to  explore  causes  and  pursue  eflects.  And  this  order  of  development  has  been 
adopted  in  accordance  with  the  teachings  of  mental  philosophy,  that  in  this  order  the 
mental  ])owers  may  be  trained  with  tiie  greatest  naturalness,  success,  and  pleasure. 

Of  course,  in  constructing  tlie  series  upon  such  a  plan,  the  author  lias  been  gov- 
erned by  two  considerations.  The  iirst  of  these  is,  that  the  function  of  the  teaclicr 
(and,  consequently,  of  the  text-book)  is  two-fold:  viz.,  to  communicate  knowledge  and 
to  develop  the  powers.  And  the  other  is,  that,  in  discharging  this  second  function, 
the  teacher  must  accept  the  results  of  scientific  psychologists  in  reference  to  the  order 
and  nature  of  the  mental  powers  which  ho  would  develop,  even  as  ho  accepts  the  re- 
sults of  scientific  geograpliers  in  reference  to  tlie  science  by  wliich  ho  would  develop 
them.  His  simple  duty  is  to  adapt  Geography  to  the  development  of  mind — without 
pretending  to  enlarge  tiio  limits  of  either  science.  His  art  is  tliat  of  the  educator,  and 
from  the  psychologist,  on  the  ono  hand,  as  much  as  from  the  professional  get)grai)hcr 
on  the  other,  must  ho  seek  direction  and  material. 

Accordingly,  the  present  volume  has  two  specific  objects:  which  aro  (1)  to  com- 
municate the  rudiments  of  geographical  knowledge,  and  (2)  to  do  this  in  such  a  man- 
ner as  to  train  a  habit  of  close  observation.  Devices  aro  multiplied  to  keep  the  cyo 
of  the  pupil  on  tho  map.  He  is  required  to  follow  names,  river-lines,  and  mountain 
ranges  ;  to  discriminate  colors  from  one  another,  stars  from  rings,  itc. ;  to  trace  direc- 
tions, and  to  observe  tho  forms  of  the  land  and  tlie  water.  To  aid  in  tiiis  latter 
process,  water-lines  aro  omitted  from  tlio  maps,  as  tending  to  blur  tlio  outlines  of 
geographical  forms  ;  and  tho  w.ater  is  tinted,  so  as  to  tlirow  such  forms  into  the  boldest 
possible  relief.  For  tho  training  of  the  pupil's  car,  other  devices  aro  employed.  For 
example,  tho  right  pronunciation  of  geographical  names  is  made  part  of  the  matter  or 
regular  instruction.  And,  questions  upon  definitions  are  constructed  so  ns  to  require 
and  to  reward,  on  tho  part  of  pu|)ils,  tho  closest  listening  to  tho  questioner. 

As,  in  the  present  volume,  the  percci)tive  faculties  have  been  especially  addressed, 
tlie  aim  has  been,  on  the  other  hand,  to  avoid,  rather  than  to  secure,  any  great  taxing 
of  the  memory.     Hence,  the  lessons  arc  mostly  constructed  so  as  to  bo  recited  witii 


IV 


i:^TRODUCTIOJNr. 


the  book  open  before  the  pupil.  And,  on  the  same  principle,  the  exercise  of  spelling 
geographical  names  from  memoi'y  has  been  replaced  by  that  of  tracing  out  the  letters 
of  these  names  upon  the  maps — a  change  which,  it  is  hoped,  will  be  further  recom- 
mended by  tb.e  fact  that  such  names  are  often  sadly  out  of  proportion,  in  point  of 
length  and  difficulty,  with  the  words  which  primary  scholars  are  required  to  master 
in  their  regular  spelling-books.  Hence,  also,  the  exercise  of  "  bounding"  is  deferred, 
for  the  most  part,  to  the  Intermediate  Geography.  And,  as  respects  the  definitions, 
these  are  made  as  easy  as  possible  to  the  child's  memory,  by  the  multiplication  of 
leading  questions;  by  the  use  of  specific,  instead  of  generic,  words;  by  the  connecting 
of  similar,  or  contrasted,  phrases  in  definitions;  and  by  constant,  although  methodical, 
repetition. 

As  the  development  of  memory  is  reserved  for  the  Intermediate  Geography  of 
this  series,  so  the  development  of  the  rational  faculty  is  reserved  for  the  School  Geog- 
raphy. Hence,  the  book  aims  to  fill  a  dilferent  place  in  the  school  course  from  that 
of  a  mere  reading-book. 

Moreover,  as  this  Primary  Geography  aims  to  adapt  itself  to  the  special  aptitude 
for  development,  in  early  youth,  of  the  perceptive  faculties,  so  it  takes  into  account, 
also,  the  love  of  action  and  of  variety  common  to  that  period.  The  scholar  is  required 
constantly  to  use  his  fingers  and  his  arms  in  such  exercises  as  pointing,  manipulating 
his  map,  &c.  And  he  is  carried,  also,  as  rapidly  as  possible  from  map  to  map  through 
the  book.  The  author's  plan,  indeed,  has  been  to  carry  his  classes  through  the  course 
of  maps  even  more  rapidly  than  the  present  plan  proposes.  This  can  be  done  with 
the  present  book  by  carrying  the  class,  first,  through  all  the  first  lessons  on  the  maps, 
and  then  through  the  second  lessons. 

The  above,  then,  are  the  features  of  this  book  as  distinguished  from  the  others  of 
the  series.  In  common  with  those,  on  the  other  hand,  are  the  following  features : 
First,  a  re-grouping  of  the  States  on  a  natural  basis — of  which  a  vindication  will  be 
found  in  the  School  Geography.  Secondly,  a  suppression,  in  almost  all  general  state- 
ments, of  the  distinction  between  States  and  Territories.  The  pupil  is  introduced  to 
this  distinction  at  a  later  period,  in  connection  with  Political  Geography.  Thirdly, 
the  plan  of  beginning  the  pupil's  geographical  studies  as  near  as  possible  to  his  own 
home  is  liere  carried  out  to  its  fullest  extent. 

In  conclusion,  it  m.-iy  be  remarked  that  probably  the  best  recommendation  of  the 
book  which  can  be  offered  to  teachers,  is  the  statement  that  it  has  been  prepared  page 
by  page  for  the  use  of  a  class — tried  in  the  recitations  of  that  class, — and  corrected 
after  them. 

The  author  bespeaks  for  all  the  volumes  that  candid  examination  to  which  no 
little  labor  on  his  own  part,  and  the  most  liberal  expenditures  on  the  part  of  the  pub- 
lishers, would  seem  to  entitle  them. 


lAL  BSrrCII  OP  BAN   FRAMCI8CO  AMD  BAT. 


IMTROniJCTORY     LESSOlSr. 


V.'nAT  study  is  tlii.s  wliicli  you  now  tako 
up  ?     Geography. 

Geogrnpliy  tells  about  islands.  Did  you 
ever  seo  an  island  ? 

Geoprapliy  tells  about  hills  and  moun- 
tains. Did  you  ever  sec  a  bill,  or  moun- 
tain ? 

It  tells  about  oceans,  lakes,  and  rivers. 
Did  you  ever  see  an  ocean,  a  lake,  or  a 
river  ? 

It  tells  about  cities  and  towns.  Did  you 
ever  see  a  city,  or  town  ? 

It  tells  about  bays.  Did  yon  over  see  a 
bay  ? 

Did   you  ever   seo  a  pocket  compass? 


Geoi^rapliy  tells  yon  what  to  call  tho  di- 
rection in  which  tho  needle  points. 

Did  you  ever  see  a  mn]>  ?  Gcograjiliy 
tells  you  how  to  use  maps. 

Did  you  ever  seeaplobe?  Geography 
tells  you  how  to  use  globes. 

Where  do  you  live?  Geography  tells 
you  ln)W  many  people  live  in  tho  same 
place  with  you. 

Were  you  born  in  some  other  place? 
Geography  tells  you  how  to  travel  from 
the  place  where  you  arc,  to  the  place  whero 
yon  were  born. 

Repeat  as  many  as  you  can  of  these 
things  about  which  you  learn  in  Geography. 


PAKT   OF  CAilFORlSrrA 


i^jsachajVikjsto 


PART    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

LESSON   1. 

Read  the  name  printed  on  the  largest 

part  of  the  water.     On  the  next  large.st. 

The  Map, 

On  the  next.     On  the  neck  of  water  lead- 

■What Map  on  the  opposite  page  ?    Part 

ing  from  the  Pacific  Ocean  to  the  Bay  of 

of  California. 

San  Francisco. 

What   is   a   Map  ?      A   picture   of    the 

What  does  Mt.  stand  for  ?     Mount. 

earth's  surface,  or  part  of  it. 

What  does  Pt.  stand  for?     Point. 

How  is  the  water  colored? 

What  stands  for  River?  R.   For  Bay?  B, 

How  is  the  land  colored  ? 

What  does  St.  stand  for  ?     Saint. 

What  do  the  crooked  black  lines,  run- 

ning: through  the  land,  stand  for?    Rivers. 
What   do   the   little    rings   stand    for? 

LESSON    II. 

Cities. 

"What   does   the  star  stand    for?      The 

Names. 

Capital  City. 

I  will  spell  the  names  on  tlio  map,  and 

Where   are   the   names  of  the  Cities? 

you  may  pronounce  tliem. 

Near  the  rings. 

I  will  pronounce  tlie  names,  and  yon 

Where    is   the   name   of   the   Capital? 

may  spell  them  from  your  maps. 

Near  the  star. 

Hold  your  maps  facing  me,  and  point 

Where  are  the  names  of  the  Rivers? 

out  the  places  as  I  name  them. 

Along  the  crooked  black  lines. 

Directions. 

What  do  the  black    lines  between  the 

Whicii  direction  is  North  on  the  map  ? 

land  and  the  water  stand  for  ?     Shores. 

Towards  the  top. 

What  do  the  feathery  marks  stand  for? 

Which  direction  is  South  ?  Towards  the 

Mountains. 

bottom. 

Where  are  the  names  of  the  Mountains  ? 

Which  direction  is  East  ?     Towards  the 

Near  the  feathery  marks. 

right  hand. 

What  dues  a  little  ring  near  a  crooked 

Which  direction  is  West?    Towards  the 

black  line  stand  for?    A  City  near  a  River. 

left  hand. 

What  does   a  little   ring  near  a  shore 

Is  Stockton  towards  the  right  hand,  or 

line  stand  for?     A  City  near   a  Bay  or 

the  left  hand? 

Ocean. 

Is  it  towards  the  East,  or  the  West? 

What  stands  for  the  City  of  San  Fran- 

Is Pt.  Reyes  towards  the  right  Land,  or 

cisco  ?     A  little  group  of  street  lines. 

the  left  hand  ? 

Where  is  the  name  of  San  Francisco 

Is  it  towards  the  East,  or  the  West? 

printed?     In  the  water. 

Is  Mt.  St.   Helens  towards  the  top,  or 

Why  ?     Because  there  waa  not  room  on 

the  bottom  ? 

the  land. 

Is  it  towards  the  North,  or  the  South  ? 

PART    OF    OALIFORISriA. 

LESSON   II.    {Continued.) 

Point  to  the  front.     What  direction  is 

that  ?     North. 

Is  Santa  Cruz  towards  tlie  bottom,  or 

Point  behind  you.      What  direction  is 

the  top  ? 

that  ?     South. 

Is  it  towards  the  North,  or  the  South? 

Point  East.     On  which  side  of  you  is 

Between  what  dh-ections  is  North-east? 

tliat  ?     The  right. 

Between  North  and  East. 

Point  West.     On  which  side  of  you  is 

Between  what  directions  is  North-west? 

that  ?     The  left. 

Between  North  and  West. 

Point  North.      Is  that  before  you,  or 

Between  what  directions  is  South-east  ? 

behind  ?     Before. 

Between  South  and  East. 

Point  South.     Is  that   behind  you,  or 

Between  wliat  directions  is  South-west  ? 

before  ?     Behind. 

Between  South  and  West. 

Point  between  the  North  and  the  East. 

In  what  direction  is  Sacramento  from 

What  direction  is  that?     North-east. 

San   Francisco  ?      Napa  from   Stockton  ? 

Point  between  the  North  and  the  West. 

Mt.  Diablo  from  Petaluma?      San  Fran- 

Yv''hat direction  is  that  ?     North-west. 

cisco  from  Benicia? 

Point  between  the  Soutli  and  the  East. 

Put  your  finger  on  Mt.  Diablo,  and  tell 
the  directions  of  the  other  mountains. 

What  direction  is  that  ?     South-east. 
Point  between  the  South  and  the  West. 

Put  your  finger  on  Oakland,  and  tell  the 

What  direction  is  that?     South-west. 

directions  of  the  other  Cities. 

Name  some  person,  or  thing,  in  the  room 

Put  your  finger  on  the  centre  of  San 

North  of  you.  South  of  you.  East  of  you. 

Francisco  Bay,  and  tell  the  directions  of 

West  of  you.  North-east  of  you.  North- 

the centres  of  the  other  Bays. 

west  of  you.  South-east  of  you.  South- 

LESSCN  III. 

west  of  you. 

Is  the  ceiling  North  of  you  ? 
Is  the  floor  South  of  you  ? 

Directions. 

la  what  direction  is  the  ceiling?   Above. 
In  what  direction  is  the  floor?     Below. 

Did  you  ever  see  the  sun  rise,  or  set? 
Point  where  you  saw  the  sun  rise,  or 

Name  some  object  near  this  building  on 
the  North.     On  the  South.     On  the  East. 

set. 

On  the  West.    On  the  North-east.    On  the 

Stand  up  with  your  right  shoulder  to- 

North-west.    On  the  South-east.    On  the 

wards  tlie  sunrise. 

South-west. 

Point  to  the  right.     What  direction  is 
that  ?     East. 

If  you  stood  on  the  top  of  this  building, 
what  could  you  see  far  off  on  the  North  ? 

Point  to  the  left.      What  direction  is 
that  ?     West. 

On  the  South?     On  the  East?     On  the 
West  ? 

PART    OF    CALIFORNIA. 


MAT  euncu  or  golden  catb. 


LESSON    IV. 

Defiiiitions. 

Is  an  Ocean  land,  or  water  ?     Water. 

Is  it  salt  water,  or  I'resli  ?     Salt. 

How  does  it  compare  in  size  with  other 
bodies  of  water?     It  is  the  largest. 

What,  then,  is  nn  Ocean  ?  A  largo  body 
of  suit  water. 

What  is  a  Strait  sometimes  called  ?  A 
Gate. 

Is  a  Strait  a  narrow  neck  of  land,  con- 
necting two  larger  bodies  of  land,  or  a 
narrow  neck  of  water,  connecting  two 
larger  bodies  of  water  ?  It  is  a  narrow 
neck  of  water,  connecting  two  larger 
bodies  of  water. 

What  do  we  call  a  neck  of  land,  con- 


necting two  larger  bodies  of  land  ?  An 
Isthmus. 

Is  an  Island  land,  or  water?     Land. 

Is  it  land  wholly  surrounded  by  water, 
or  nearly  ?  It  is  land  wholly  surrounded 
by  water. 

What  do  we  call  land  nearly  surrounded 
by  water  ?     A  Peninsula. 

Is  a  Mountain  land,  or  water?     Land. 

Is  it  a  point  of  land  reaching  up  into 
the  sky,  or  out  into  the  water?  It  is 
a  point  of  land  reaching  up  into  the 
Bky. 

What  is  a  point  of  land  reaching  out 
into  tiic  water?     A  Cape. 

Read  the  name  of  the  Ocean  on  the  lit- 
tle map.  Of  the  Gate,  or  Strait.  Of  th« 
Island. 


P'ART    OF    CALIFOH^IA. 


What  bodies  of  water  does  the  Gate 
connect? 

"What  body  of  water  surrounds  the 
Island  ? 


LESSON   V. 

Directions. 

Lay  your  map  in  your  lap,  with  the  top 
towards  the  North. 

Suppose  the  floor  of  this  room  were 
the  "Part  of  California"  seen  on  the 
map. 

"Where  in  the  room  would  San  Francisco 
be?  Sacramento?  Petaluma?  Stock- 
ton ?  Oakland  ?  San  Jose  ?  Santa  Cruz  ? 
Benicia? 

Let  eight  other  scholars  form  a  ring 
around  you.  "Who  stands  Nortli  of  you  ? 
South?  East?  West?  North-east?  North- 
west?   South-east?    South-west? 

Or,  give  the  names  North,  South,  East, 
"West,  Nortli-east,  North-west,  South-east, 
South-west,   to   eight    scholars,   and    let 


them  take  their  proper  places  in  a  circle 
around  you,  without  hesitation. 

Or,  let  eight  scliolars  move  in  a  circle 
around  you,  and  require  them  to  stop,  at 
a  given  word,  and  each  to  name,  at  once, 
in  what  direction  he  stands  from  you. 

When  you  study  at  your  desk,  who  sits 
North  of  you?  South?  East?  West? 
North-east  ?  North-west  ?  South-east  ? 
South-west  ? 

When  you  walk  home,  what  direction, 
or  directions,  do  you  take? 

la  what  direction  does  this  building 
front  ? 

In  what  direction  does  the  house  in 
which  you  live  front  ? 

What  other  building  fronts  in  some 
other  direction? 

Wliat  letter  stands  for  North  ?  N. 
South?  S.  East?  E.  West?  W.  North- 
east? N.E.  South-east?  S.E.  North- 
west? N.W.     South-west?  S.W. 

I  will  name  these  letters,  and  you  may 
point  in  the  directions  for  which  they 
stand.  N.  S.  E.  W.  N.E.  N.W.  S.E. 
S.W.  N.  E.  W.  S.  N.E.  S.W.  N.W.  S.E. 


10 


PART    OF    CALIFORlSriA. 

K                              \  Vj'X     M=ii^       \i 

('■^$>\     I.  and     1 

Ocean       l^l\9''%\  \ 

Sk^    / 

X.  Cape  ^^J^                   i^K^ 

MAP  BKKrcn  vor  tomalbs  bat. 

LESSON   VI. 

Is  a  Bay  land  reaching  into  the  water, 

or  water  reaching  into  the  land  ?     It  is  a 

Definitiona. 

body  of  water  reaching  into  the  land. 

Is  a  Peninsula  land,  or  water?     Land. 

Is  a  Cape  a  point  of  land  reaching  out 

Is  it  land  wholly  surrounded  by  water, 

into  the  water,  or  op  into  the  sky  ?     It  is 

or  nearly  ?     It  is  land  nearly  surrounded 

a   point   of   land   reaching   out   into  tho 

by  water. 

water. 

What  do  we  call  land  wholly  eurronnded 

What  do  wc  call  a  point  of  land  reach- 

by  water?     An  Island. 

,lng  up  into  the  sky?     A  Mountain. 

Is  an   Isthmus  a  neck  of  land  connect- 

What   other    name    for    a    Capo?     A 

ing  two  larger  bodies  of  land,  or  a  neck    ■ 

*  Point. 

of  water  connecting  two  larger  bodies -of 

Read  the  names  of  the  Bays  on  the 

water?     It  is  a  neck  of  land  connecting 

little  map. 

two  larger  bodies  of  land. 

Read  the  name  of  the  Point. 

"What  do  we  call  a  neck  of  water  con- 

What letters  sUiml  for  Point?     Pt. 

necting  two  larger  bodies  of  water?     A 

What  letter  stands  for  Cape  ?     C. 

Strait,  or  Gate. 

"What  letter  stands  for  Bay  ?    B. 

11 


SOUTIIEKIS^     PACII^^IC     STATES. 


LESSON     I. 

States  and  Capitals. 

I  will  spell  the  names  of  tlicso,  and  you 
may  pronounce  tliem. 

I  will  jironounco  the  names,  and  you 
may  spell  them  from  your  maps. 

lIoKl  your  maps  facing  me,  ami  point 
out  the  places  as  I  name  them. 

I  will  name  the  States,  and  you  may 
read  the  Capitals. 

I  will  name  the  Capitals,  and  you  may 
read  the  States. 
Direction3. 

Put  your  finger  on  each  Capit;d,  in  turn, 
and  tell  the  directions  of  the  other  Capi- 
tals. 

Put  your  finger  on  the  centre  of  each 
State,  in  turn,  and   tell  the  directions  of 
the  centres  of  other  States. 
Dcllnitlona 

What  do  the  colored  spaces  stand  for? 
States. 

Is  a  State  a  division  of  the  land,  or  of 
the  water? 

Has  a  State  one  Governor,  or  many 
Governors  ? 

What,  then,  is  a  State  ?  The  division 
of  country  ruled  by  a  Governor. 

What  does  a  star  stand  for  ?  A  Capital 
Citv. 

What  are  made  at  a  Capital  City  ?  Laws 
for  the  State. 

What  is  one  law  which  is  always  made  ? 
Not  to  kill. 

What  is  the  building  called  where  the 
laws  are  made  ?     The  Capit<d. 

Is  it  men,  women,  or  children  that  make 
the  laws?     Men. 


LESSON     II. 

Cities. 

I  will  spell  tlie  names  of  these,  and  you 
may  pronounce  tiiem. 

I  will  i)ronounco  the  names,  and  yon 
may  spell  them  from  your  maps. 

Hold  your  maps  facing  me,  and  iioint 
out  the  i)laces  as  I  name  them. 

I  will  name  the  States,  and  you  may 
read  the  Cities. 

I  will  name  the  Cities,  and  you  may  read 
the  States. 
Directioiis. 

Which  direction  is  North  on  the  map? 
South?  East?  West? 

Which  corner  of  the  map  is  North-cast? 
North-west?  South-east?  South-west? 

Put  your  finger  on  some  City,  not  a 
Capital,  and  tell  the  direction  of  some 
City,  not  a  Capital,  in  some  other  State. 

Lay  your  map  in  your  lap  with  the  top 
towards  tiie  North. 

Suppose  this  were  Los  Angeles.  Point 
in  what  direction  Aurora  would  be. 

Suppose  this  were  Great  Salt  Lake 
City.  Point  in  what  direction  Prescott 
would  be. 

Supi)ose  this  were  Carson  City.  Point 
in  what  direction  Colorado  City  would  be. 

Sup|)ose  this  were  Austin.  In  what 
direction  would  Carson  City  be? 

DeCnitiona. 

What  docs  a  ring  stand  for?  A  City 
not  a  Capit;il. 

What  are  not  made  in  a  City  n»)t  a 
Capital  ?     Laws  fur  the  State. 

What  building  is  not  found  in  a  city  not 
a  Capital  ?     The  Capitol. 


13 


SOUTHEE-N     PACIFIO     STATES. 


CALIFORNIA    STATS'  CAPITOI.. 


LESSON     III. 

Mountains, 

I  will  spell  the  names  of  these,  and  you 
may  prouounce  them. 

I  will  pronounce  the  names,  and  you 
may  spell  them  from  your  maps. 

Hold  your  maps  facing  me,  and  point 
out  the  places  as  I  name  them. 

Directions. 

Put  your  finger  on  Star  Peak,  and  tell 
the  directions  of  other  mountains. 

Put  your  finger  on  one  end  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada  Range,  and  tell  the  direction  of 
the  other  end.  Do  the  same  with  the 
Coast  Range.  The  Wasatch  Mountains. 
The  Rocky  Mountains. 

DeCiiitious. 

Is  a  Mountain  land,  or  water? 


Is  it  land  which  lies  level,  or  which  rises 
to  a  point  ?     It  rises  to  a  point. 

Is  it  a  point  of  land  reaching  up  into 
the  sky,  or  out  into  the  water  ?  Up  into 
the  sky. 

What,  then,  is  a  Mountain?  It  is  a 
point  of  land  reaching  up  into  the  sky. 

What  do  we  call  a  point  of  land  reach- 
ing out  into  the  water  ?     A  Cape. 

What  other  name  for  a  Cape?    A  Point. 

What  other  name  for  a  Mountain?  A 
Peak. 

Many  Mountains  side  hy  side  form  what  ? 
A  Range,  or  Chain. 

What  City  near  Mt.  Shasta  ?  near  Star 
Peak?  near  Pike's  Peak?  near  Long's 
Peak  ? 

What  range  do  you  cross  in  going  from 
the  Capital  of  California  to  the  Capital  of 
Nevada? 


14 


SOUTlIEnN     PACIFIC     STATKS. 


LCV.  EB  ThIF 


VERTICAL    BKCTIO.f 


LESSON     IV. 

Rivers,  Lakes,  Ocean,  Cape. 

I  will  h|toll  tlic  names  of  tliese,  and  you 
may  pronounce  them. 

I  will  prononnco  the  name*,  and  jou 
may  spell  them  from  your  maps. 

Hold  your  maps  facing  me,  and  point 
out  the  places  as  I  name  them. 
Directions. 

Put  your  finpcr  on  tlie  source  of  each  of 
t!ie  following  Rivera,  and  tell  the  direction 
of  it3  mouth.  The  Sacramento.  The 
Colorado,  The  Little  Colorado.  The 
Humboldt.     The  Gila. 

Tell  the  direction  from  the  Lake  in  Cali- 
fornia to  the  Lake  in  Utah. 
Definitions. 

I3  a  liivor  land,  or  water?     Water. 

Is  it  standing  water,  or  flowing?  Flow- 
ing. 


or    A.    qUABTZ     UIXB. 

Docs  it  How  through  tlio  land,  or  tho 
Ocean?     The  land. 

What  sliapo  is  it?     Long  and  narrow. 

What  is  the  point  called  where  it  begins  t 
It3  source.     Where  it  ends  ?     Its  mouth. 

What  is  a  River  said  to  do  at  its  source  t 
Rise.     At  its  mouth  ?     Empty. 

What,  tlien,  is  a  River?  A  long  and 
narrow  body  of  water,  flowing  through  tho 
land,  from  a  point  called  its  source,  to  a 
point  called  its  mouth. 

What  is  a  body  of  water  flowing  through 
tho  Ocean  called?     A  Current. 

Wiiat  is  a  River  sometimes  called?  A 
Rio. 

Did  you  ever  see  a  Pond  ? 

Was  it  land  surrounded  by  water,  or 
water  surrounded  by  land  ? 

Is  a  Lake  larger,  or  smaller,  than  a  Pond  ? 

What,  then,  is  a  Lake?  A  largo  body 
I     of  water,  entirely  surrounded  by  land. 


15 


NORTHERN      PACIFIC     STATES. 


LESSON     I. 

States,  Britush  Colonies,  aud  Capitals. 

(N,  B.— The  British  Colonies  are  British 
Columbia  aud  Vancouver's  Island.) 

I  win  spell  the  names  of  these,  and  you 
may  pronounce  them. 

I  will  pronounce  the  names,  and  you  may 
spell  them  from  your  maps. 

Hold  your  maps  facing  me,  and  point 
out  the  places  as  I  name  them. 

I  will  name   tlie  States,  and  you  may     j 
read  the  Capitals.  ] 

I  will  name  the  Capitals,  and  you  may 
read  the  States. 

Directions 

Put  your  finger  on  each  Capital,  in 
turn,  and  tell  the  directions  of  the  other 
Capitals. 

Put  your  finger  on  tlie  centre  of  each 
State,  in  turn,  and  tell  the  directions  of 
the  centres  of  other  States. 

DeGnitions. 

What  do  the  colored  spaces  stand  for? 
States. 

What  do  the  stars  stand  for?  Capital 
Cities. 

Is  it  Oceans,  or  States,  that  have  Capi- 
tal Cities? 

Why  do  not  Oceans  have  Capital  Cities? 
Because  fishes  live  there,  and  not  men. 

What  person  lives  in  the  Capital  City? 
The  Governor  of  the  State. 

What  building  stands  in  the  Cai)ital 
City  ?     The  Capitol. 

What  is  done  in  this  building?  Laws 
are  made. 


LESSON     II. 

Cities. 

I  will  spell  the  names  of  these,  and  you 
may  pronounce  them. 

I  will  j)r(>nounco  the  niiines,  and  you 
may  spell  tlicm  from  your  maps. 

Hold  your  maps  facing  me,  and  point  out 
the  places  as  I  name  them. 
Directions. 

Put  your  finger  on  Portland,  and  tell  the 
direction  of  some  City,  not  a  Capital,  in 
each  of  the  other  States. 

What  different  directions  would  you  take 
iu  starting  from  Portland  and  journeying 
from  City  to  City  througli  all  the  Cities, 
not  Capitals,  in  the  Northern  Pacific 
States  ? 

Definitions. 

What  stands  for  a  City  not  a  Capital  ? 
A  ring. 

What  docs  a  crooked  black  lino  stand 
for?     A  River. 

What  does  a  ring  near  a  crooked  black 
line  stand  for?     A  City  near  a  liiver. 

Wliero  docs  the  name  of  a  City  stand  ? 
Near  the  ring. 

What  name  of  a  City  on  the  map  stands 
on  the  left  of  the  ring?  To  the  right? 
Above  it  ? 

Which  shows  exactly  where  the  City 
stands — the  name,  or  the  ring?     The  ring. 

What  name  on  the  map  stands  partly  in 
the  Ocean  ? 

What  other  name  reaches  across  a  River  ? 

What  other  name  reaches  into  another 
State  ? 

Wliat  are  not  made  in  a  City  not  aC.ipi- 
tal?     Laws  for  the  State. 


17 


NORTH  ERlSr     PACIFIC     STATES. 


ilOUKT    HOOD. 


LESSON     III. 

Forts,  Mountains,  and  Pass. 

I  ■n-ill  spell  the  names  of  these,  and  you 
may  pronounce  them. 

I  will  pronounce  the  names,  and  you 
may  spell  them  from  your  maps. 

Hold  your  maps  facing  me,  and  point 
out  the  places  as  I  name  them. 
Directions. 

Put  your  finger  on  each  of  the  mountain 
peaks,  in  turn,  and  tell  the  directions  of 
the  others. 

Put  your  finger  on  one  end  of  each 
mountain  range,  and  tell  the  direction  of 
the  other  end. 

Definitions. 

Who  live  in  the  Forts  given  on  the  map  ? 
Soldiers. 

What  is  their  business?  To  defend 
travellers  against  Indians. 


"Why  are  the  Forts  made  strong  ?  So 
that  the  Indians  cannot  take  them. 

What,  then,  is  a  Fort?  A  strong  build- 
ing, where  soldiers  live,  whose  business  it 
is  to  protect  travellers  against  Indians. 

What  do  we  call  a  point  of  land  reaching 
up  into  the  sky  ?     A  Mountain. 

What  is  a  Mountain  sometimes  called  ? 
A  Peak. 

What  is  a  Cape  ?  A  point  of  land  reach- 
ing out  into  the  water. 

What  is  aEange  of  Mountains?  Many 
Mountains  standing  side  by  side. 

What  other  name  for  a  Eange  ?  A  Chain. 

What  do  we  call  a  burning  mountain? 
A  Volcano. 

What  volcanoes  on  the  map  ?  Mt.  Baker, 
and  Mount  Hood. 

"What  is  a  narrow  road  between  Moun- 
tains called  ?     A  Pass. 

South  Pass,  on  the  map,  is  a  road 
through  what  Mountains  ? 


1{ 


NORTHERN    PACIFIC    STATES. 


,aA 


PUGET    BOUND. 


LESSON     IV. 

Rivers,  Lake,  Island. 

I  will  spell  the  names  of  these,  and  you 
may  pronounco  thorn. 

I  •will  pronounce  tlie  names,  and  you 
may  spell  them  from  your  mafis. 

Hold  your  maps  facing  mo,  and  point 
out  the  places  as  I  name  them. 

Directions. 

Put  your  finger  on  the  source  of  each 
Kivcr,  in  turn,  and  tell  the  direction  of  its 
mouth. 

Definition.s. 

Is  a  Lake  a  body  of  water  surrounded 
by  land,  or  a  body  of  land  surrounded  by 
water?  It  is  a  body  of  water  surrounded 
by  land. 


What  is  an  Island?  A  body  of  land 
surrounded  by  water. 

What  objects  float  in  the  sky  ?     Clouds. 

Tliey  often  settle  wliere?  On  the  tops 
of  mountains. 

Do  they  make  the  tops  of  mountains 
wet,  or  dry  ?     Wet. 

What  becomes  of  this  wet?  It  sinks 
into  the  mountain. 

What  does  it  form  ?     Springs. 

What  do  the  Springs  form  ?  The  sources 
of  Rivers. 

What  Rivers  on  the  map  rise  in  the 
llocky  Mountains? 

What  is  a  River?  A  long  and  narrow 
body  of  water,  flowing, through  the  land, 
from  a  point  called  its  source,  to  a  point 
called  its  mouth. 

What  letter  stands  for  River?  K.  For 
Lake?    L.     For  Island?    L 


la 


EASTErtZSr      STATES 


LESSON     I. 

states,  Capitals,  Cities. 

I  will  spell  the  names  of  these,  and  you 
may  pronounce  them. 

I  will  pronounce  the  names,  and  you 
may  spell  them  from  your  maps. 

Hold  your  maps  facing  me,  and  point 
out  the  places  as  I  name  them. 

I  will  name  the  States,  and  you  may 
read  the  Ca[)itals. 

I  will  name  the  Capitals,  and  you  may 
read  the  States.  • 

Directions. 

Put  your  finger  on  each  Capital,  in  turn, 
and  tell  the  directions  of  the  other  Capitals. 

Pat  your  finger  on  each  City  not  a  Capi- 
tal, and  tell  the  directions  of  the  other 
Cities. 

Definitions. 

What  does  a  star  stand  for?  A  Capital 
City. 

What  stands  for  a  City  not  a  Capital? 
A  ring. 

Where  does  the  name  of  the  Capital 
stand  ?     Near  the  star. 

Where  does  the  name  of  the  City  not  a 
Capital  stand  ?     Near  the  ring. 

When  yon  point  to  the  Capital,  do  you 
point  to  the  name,  or  to  the  star  ?  To  the 
star. 

When  you  point  to  the  City  not  a  Capi- 
tal, do  you  point  to  the  name  or  to  the 
ring?     To  the  ring. 

When  the  star  is  on  one  side  of  a  river 
and  the  name  of  the  Capital  on  the  other, 
which  shows  where  the  Capital  is?  The 
star. 


LESSON     II. 

Mountains,  Rivers,  Lakes,  Bays. 

I  will  spell  the  names  of  these,  and  you 
may  pronounce  them, 

I  will  pronounce  the  names,  and  you 
may  spell  thcin  from  your  maps. 

Hold  your  maps  facing  me,  and  point 
out  tlic  places  as  I  name  them. 

Definitions. 

Is  a  mountain  a  point  of  land  reaching 
up  into  the  sky,  or  out  into  the  water? 

What  do  we  call  a  point  of  land  reach- 
ing out  into  the  water?     A  Cape. 

What  bodies  float  around  in  the  sky? 
Clouds. 

Are  the  clouds  dry,  like  dust,  or  wet, 
like  fog? 

The  clouds  sometimes  float  against 
what?     The  tops  of  the  mountains. 

Do  they  make  the  tops  of  the  mountains 
wet,  or  dry? 

What  becomes  of  the  wet  left  on  the 
tops  of  the  mountains  by  the  clouds?  It 
sinks  into  the  ground. 

What  becomes  of  it  when  it  sinks  into 
the  ground?     It  forms  springs. 

The  springs  form  what?  Streams  and 
rivers. 

What  river  on  the  map  rises  in  the 
White  Mountains?  In  the  Green  Moun- 
tains? 

What  is  the  point  called  where  a  ri-ver 
rises?  Its  source.  Where  it  empties? 
Its  mouth. 

Is  the  right  bank  of  a  river  on  the  right 
hand,  or  on  the  left  hand?  The  right  baiU^ 
is  on  the  right  h.ind  as  yon  go  down  the 
river. 


21 


MIDDJLE       STATES 


MIDDLE 

STATES. 

LESSON     1. 

LESSON  II. 

States,  Capitals,  Citias. 

Mountains,  Rivers,  Lakes,  Bays. 

I  will  spell  tho  names  of  these,  and  you 

I  will  spell  the  names  of  lliesc,  and  yon 

may  pronounce  them. 

may  pronounce  them. 

I   will  pronounce  the  names,  and    you 

I  will  pronounce  the  names,  and   you 

may  spell  them  from  your  mai>s. 

may  spell  them  from  your  maps. 

Hold  your  maps  facing  me,  and  point 

Hold  your  maps  facing  me,  and  point 

out  the  places  as  I  name  them. 

out  the  places  as  I  name  them. 

I   will  name  the  States,  and  you  may 

Directions. 

read  the  Capitals. 

Put  your  finger  on  tho  source  of  each 

I  will  name  tho  Capitals,  and  you  may 
read  the  States. 

River,  in  turn,  and  tell  tho  direction  of  its 
mouth. 

Directions. 

Put  your   finger   on  the    end    of    each 

Put  your  finger  on  each  Capital,  in  turn. 

mountain  range,  and  tell  the  direction  of 

and  tell  the  directions  of  the  other  cities 

the  other  end. 

in  the  same  State. 

Definitions. 

Dimensions. 

What  largo  State  ?     "What  small  State  ? 

Is  a  Bay  land,  or  water?  a  Lake? 
Is  a  Bay  water  partly  surrounded  by 
land,  or  wholly? 

Definitions. 

What  Bays  on  tho  map  ? 

Is  an  island  land,  or  water? 

What  States  nearly  surround  New  York 

Is  an  island  land  wholly  surrounded  by 

Bay?  Delaware  Bay  ?  Chesapeake  Bay  ? 

water,  or  partly  ? 

What  do  wo  call  a  body  of  water  wholly 

"What  do  we  call  a  body  of  land  nearly 

surrounded  by  land? 

surronnded  by  water?     A  peninsula. 

What  Lakes  on  the  map  ? 

What  island  on  tlic  map? 

What   land    surrounds    Lako   Ontario? 

Is  Long  Island  a  i)art  of  New  York,  or 

Lake  Cliamplain? 

of  New  Jersey  ?     Of  New  York. 

Is  a  Sound  land,  or  water? 

How  could  you  tell  that  it  was  a  part  of 

Is  it  water  wholly  surrounded  by  land, 

New  York?     Because  it  is  colored  like 

or  partly?     Partly. 

New  York,  on  tho  map,  and  not  like  New 

If  it  is  water  partly  surrounded,   is   it 

Jersey. 

more  like  a  Lake,  or  a  Bay  ?     A  Bay. 

What   water     north    of    Long   Island  ? 

What  Sound  on  tho  map  ? 

South  ? 

From    what   does   this   Sound   take   its 

What  town  on  Long  Island  ? 

name  ? 

What  State  does  the  City  of  Brooklyn 

In  what  direction  is  Long  Island  from 

belong  to  ? 

the  Sound  ? 

23 


LlAke   states 


LAKE      STATES. 


LESSON    I. 

states,  Capitals,  Cities. 

I  will  spell  the  names  of  these,  and  you 
nay  pronouuce  tlieta. 

I  will  pronounce  the  names,  and  you 
nay  s[iell  them  from  your  maps. 

Hold  your  maps  facing  me,  and  point 
)ut  the  places  as  I  name  them. 

I  will  name  tho  States,  and  you  may 
read  tho  Capitals. 

I  will  name  tho  Capitals,  and  you  may 
read  the  States. 

Directions. 

Put  your  finger  on  each  Capital,  in  turn, 
and  tell  the  directions  of  other  Capitals. 

Put  your  finger  on  each  City  not  a  Cap- 
ital, and  tell  the  direction  of  the  other 
Cities. 

Definitions. 

Is  the  southern  part  of  Michigan  partly 
surrounded  by  water,  or  wholly? 

By  what  waters  is  it  partly  surrounded? 

When  a  body  of  land  is  partly  sur- 
rounded by  water,  is  it  a  Peninsula,  or 
[in  Island? 

"What  is  an  Island?  A  body  of  land 
wholl:'  surrounded  by  water. 

Names. 

What  States  have  tho  same  names  as 
Rivers  ? 

What  ono  has  the  same  name  as  a 
Lake? 

What  Capital  has  a  namo  like  that  of 
the  State  ? 


LESSON   ir. 

Rivers  and  Lakes. 

I  will  spell  the  names  of  these,  and  you 
may  pronounce  them. 

I  will  pronounce  the  names,  and  you 
may  spell  them  from  your  maps. 

Hold  your  maps  facing  mo,  and  point 
out  the  places  as  I  name  them. 

Directions. 

Put  your  fingers  on  tho  montli  of  each 
Pwiver,  in  turn,  and  tell  the  direction  of  its 
source. 

Put  your  fingers  on  the  centre  of  eacli 
Lake,  in  turn,  and  toll  the  directions  of 
the  centres  of  other  Lakes. 

Definitions. 

Is  a  Lake  a  body  of  water  partly  sur- 
rounded by  land,  or  wholly  ? 

What  land  surrounds  Lake  St.  Clair? 
Lake  Michigan?  Laka  Superior?  Lake 
Huron  ? 

AVhat  do  we  call  a  bo<ly  of  water  part- 
ly surrounded  by  land  ?     A  Bay. 

Is  a  Strait  a  narrow  neck  of  land  con- 
necting two  larger  bodies  of  land,  or  a 
neck  of  water  connecting  two  larger 
bodies  of  water  ? 

What  do  wo  call  a  neck  of  land  con- 
necting two  larger  bodies  of  land?  An 
Isthmus. 

Is  it  land  or  water  that  lies  at  each  end 
of  a  Strait?     Of  an  Isthmus? 

Is  it  land  or  water  that  lies  on  each  side 
of  an  Isthmus?     Of  a  Strait? 

Lake  Michigan  is  connected  with  what 
other  Lake  by  a  Strait? 


SOTJTIIERlSr     STATES. 


LESSON    I. 

States,  Capitals,  Cities. 

I   will  spell  tiio    names  of  these,   and 
you  may  pronounce  them. 

I  will  pronounce  the  names,  and  you 
may  spell  them  from  your  maps. 

Hold  yonr  maps  facing  me,  and  point 
out  the  places  as  I  name  them. 

I  will  name  the  States,  and  you  may 
read  the  Capitals. 

I  will  name  the  Capitals,  and  you  may 
read  the  States. 
Directions. 

Put  your  finger  on  the  centre  of  each 
State  in  turn,  and  tell  tiie  direction  of  the 
centre  of  some  other  State. 
Names. 

Which  States  have  the  same  names  as 
Rivers  ? 
Journeys. 

Through  what  waters  would  a  fish  swim 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Cape  Fear  River 
to  the  mouth  of  the  Pearl  River  ? 

From  tlie  mouth  of  the  James  River  to 
the  mouth  of  the  Ohio  River? 

Definitions. 

Is  a  peninsula  land,  or  water? 

Is  it  land  wholly  surrounded  by  water, 
or  partly  ? 

"What  do  we  call  a  body  of  land  wholly 
surrounded  by  water  i 

What  State  is  partly  surrounded  by 
water  ? 

What  bodies  of  water  partly  sarroond 
Florida? 

Which  coast  of  Florida  is  wa.shed  by 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico? 

Which  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ? 


LESSON    II. 

Mountains,  Rivers,  Bays,  Capes. 

I  will  s])oll  the  names  of  these  and  you 
may  pronounce  them. 

I  will  pronounce  the  names,  and  you 
may  spell  them  from  your  maps. 

Hold  your  m.ips  facing  me,  and  point 
out  the  places  as  I  name  them. 

Directions. 

Put  your  finger  on  the  source  of  each 
river,  in  turn,  and  tell  the  direction  of  its 
mouth. 

Definitions. 

Is  a  Mountain  a  portion  of  land  sinking 
into  a  hollow,  or  rising  into  a  point? 

What  do  we  call  a  portion  of  land  sink- 
ing into  a  hollow  ?     A  Valley. 

What  do  wo  call  a  point  of  land  reach- 
ing out  into  the  water? 

What  cape  on  the  map  ? 

Into  what  water  does  it  reach  ? 

Many  mountains  standing  side  by  side 
form  what  ?     A  Range,  or  Chain. 

What  RangBi  or  Chain,  on  the  map? 

Name  some  River  rising  in  this  Chai'n. 

Is  a  Gulf  more  like  a  Lake,  or  a  Bay  ? 
A  Bay. 

Is  a  Bay  water  wholly  surrounded  by 
land,  or  partly  ? 

What  Bay  on  the  map?  What  Gulf 
on  the  ma[)  ? 

The  Gulf  of  Mexico  a«d  the  Atlantic 
Ocean   are  connected  near   what   Cape? 

Which  is  the  greater,  the  Gulf,  or  the 
Ocean  ? 

Is  the  Gulf  a  branch  of  the  Ocean  or 
the  Ocean  a  branch  of  the  Gulf? 


27 


SOUTH  TVESTERISr    STATES 


SOUTII-WESTEHISr       STATES. 


LESSON  I. 

States,  Capitals,  Cities. 

I  will  spell  the  names  of  these,  and  you 
may  pronounce  them. 

I  will  pronounce  the  names,  and  you 
may  spell  them  from  your  maps. 

Hold  your  maps  facing  me,  and  point 
to  the  places  as  I  name  them. 

I  will  name  the  States,  and  you  may 
read  the  Capitals. 

I  will  name  the  Capitals,  and  you  may 
read  the  States. 
Directions. 

Put  your  finger  on  each  Capital,  in  turn, 
and  tell  the  directions  of  other  Cities  not 
Capitals. 

Put  your  finger  on  each  City  not  a  Cap- 
ital,  in  turn,   and  tell    the  directions   of 
the  Capitals. 
Definitions. 

What  do  stars  on  the  map  stand  for? 
Capital  Cities. 

What  are  made  in  a  Capital  City  ?  Laws 
for  the  State. 

What  is  one  law  always  made?  Not  to 
kill. 

Tiie  people  of  what  State  go  to  Austin 
to  Tnake  laws  ? 

Where  do  the  people  of  Louisiana  make 
tlieirlaws?     Of  Arkansas? 

Is  a  Gulf  land,  or  water? 

"What  Gulf  south  of  Texas  ? 

Is  it  fishes,  or  men,  that  live  in  a  Gulf? 

Is  it  fishes,  or  men,  that  niake  laws  ? 

Does  a  Gulf  have  a  Capital  City  ?  Wliy 
not? 

Who  live  in  Indian  Territory  ?  Indian 
tribes. 


Do  they  make  their  own  laws?  They 
do. 

Where  do  they  make  them?  Each  triho 
in  its  own  town. 

LESSON    II. 

Rivers,  Gulf,  Island. 

I  will  spell  the  names  of  these,  and  you 
may  pronounce  them. 

I  will  pronounce  the  names,  and  you 
may  spell  them  from  your  maps. 

Hold  your  maps  facing  me,  and  point 
out  the  places  as  I  name  them. 

Directions. 

Put  your  finger  on  the  source  of  each 
river,  and  tell  the  direction  of  its  mouth. 

Put   your  finger  on  Galveston   Island, 
and  tell  the  direction  from  it  of  thodilTer- 
ent  Capital  Cities? 
Definitions. 

Is  a  river  land,  or  water  ? 

Is  a  river  a  body  of  water  short  and 
broad,  or  long  and  narrow  ? 

What  is  the  point  called  where  a  river 
begins  ?     Its  source. 

Where  it  ends  ?     Its  mouth. 

At  its  source  does  it  rise,  or  empty  ? 

At  its  mouth  docs  it  empty,  or  rise  ? 

Is  a  river  standing  water,  or  llowing? 

Does  a  river  flow  from  its  source  to  its 
month,  or  from  its  mouth  to  its  source? 

Does  water  flow  down  hill,  or  up  hill  ? 

From  the  source  of  a  river  to  its  mouth 
is  it  down  hill,  or  up  hill  ? 

From  the  mouth  of  a  river  to  its 
source,  is  it  up  hill,  or  down  hill  ? 

How  do  you  know  it  must  bo  down  hill 
from  the  source  to  the  mouth? 


29 


]^OIlTn  TVESTEim"   STATES 


NOUTII-WESTKliM     STATKS. 


LESSON    I. 

States,  Capitals,  Cities. 

I  will  s[)cll  the  names  of  these,  and  you 
may  pronounce  tliom. 

I  will  ])ronoancc  the  names,  and  you 
may  spell  them  from  your  maps. 

Hold*  your  maps  facing  me,  and  i)oint 
out  the  places  as  I  name  them. 

I  will  name  the  States,  and  you  may 
read  the  Capitals. 

I  will  name  the  Capitals,  and  you  may 
read  the  States. 

Directions. 

Put  your  finger  on  each  Capital,  in 
turn,  and  toll  the  directions  of  the  other 
Capitals. 

Put  your  finger  on  St.  Louis,  and  tell 
the  directions  of  the  other  Cities  not  Capi- 
tols. 

Lay  your  maps  in  yonr  laps,  with  the 
tops  towards  the  north.  Now  if  the  floor 
of  this  room  were  the  North-Western 
States,  in  what  corner  would  Minnesota 
he?  Dakota?  Missouri?  Kansas?  On 
which  side  of  the  room  would  Nebraska 
lie?  Iowa? 
Boundaries. 

Put  your  finger  on  each  State,  in  turn, 
and  tell   what  lies  North    of  the  SBate. 
East  of  it.     South  of  it.     West  of  it.\ 
Cities. 

What  does  a  little  ring  stand  for  ?  A 
City  not  a  Capital. 

How  many  are  put  down  on  the  map? 

Are  there  any  that  are  not  put  down  ? 
There  are. 

Why  are  the  others  not  put  down? 
Because  not  so  important. 


LESSON     II. 

Rivers  and  T»ake8. 

I  will  si)e]l  the  names  of  these,  and  you 
may  pronounce  them. 

I  will  pronounce  the  names,  and  you 
may  spell  them  from  your  maps. 

Hold  your  maps  facing  me,  and  point 
out  the  places  as  I  name  them. 

Journeys. 

Through  what  waters  would  a  fish  swim 
to  get  from  Minnesota  to  Nebraska? 
To  get  from  Kansas  to  Minnesota  ? 

Defiiiitioiis. 

What  stands  for  a  Capital  City?  A 
star. 

What  does  a  crooked  black  line  stand 
for?     A  River. 

What  does  a  star  near  a  crooked  black 
line  mean  ?     A  Capital  near  a  River. 

What  Capitals  on  the  map  are  near 
Rivers  ? 

What  does  a  ring  stand  for?  A  City 
not  a  Cai)ital. 

What  does  a  ring  near  a  crooked  black 
line  mean?  A  City  not  a  Capital,  near  a 
River. 

What  Rivers  on  the  map  have  Cities  not 
Capitals  near  them  ? 

What  arc  not  made  in  a  City  not  a  Cap- 
ital ?     Laws  for  the  State. 

In  what  City  are  the  laws  made? 

Is  the  Capital  always  tlio  largest  City 
in  the  State  ?     No, 

Where  is  the  Capital  generally  situa- 
ted ?     Near  the  centre  of  the  State. 

Why  ?  So  that  all  the  people  can  easi- 
ly get  to  it. 


31 


UNITED     STATES. 


LESSON     I. 

Groups  of  States. 

Read  tho  names  of  Eastern  Stfttca. 
How  many  do  they  number  ?  Six.  Middle 
States?     Five.     Lake  States?     Five. 

Put  the  Eastern,  Middle,  and  Lake 
States  together,  and  what  group  do  they 
form?     Tlio  Northern  States. 

IJow  many  do  the  Northern  States 
nnraber?  Sixteen.  Southern  States? 
Ten.  North-Western States?  Six.  South- 
western States?     Four. 

Put  the  North-Western  and  South-West- 
ern States  together,  and  what  group  do 
they  form  ?     Tho  Western  States. 

How  many  do  the  Western  States  num- 
ber?    Ten. 

Put  the  Northern,  Southern,  and  West- 
ern States  together,  end  what  group  do 
they  form  ?     The  Atlantic  States. 

How  many  do  the  Atlantic  States  num- 
ber?    Thirty-six. 

Read  the  names  of  Northern  Pacific 
States.  How  many  do  thoy  number? 
Four. 

Read  the  names  of  Southern  Pacific 
States.    How  many  do  they  number?    Six. 

Put  tho  Northern  Pacific  and  tho 
Southern  Pacific  States  together,  and 
what  group  do  they  form  ?  Tho  Pacific 
States. 

How  many  do  tho  Pacific  States  num- 
ber t     Ten. 

Put  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific  States 
together,  and  what  do  they  form?  The 
United  State-:. 

How  many  do  the  United  States  num- 
ber?    Fortv-six. 


LESSON     II. 

Territories. 

The  four  States  between  Minnesota  and 
'the  Pari  fie  Ocean  are  still  Territories. 
Read  their  names. 

The  two  between  Texas  and  California 
are  still  Territories.     Read  their  names. 

One  between  Colorado  and  Nevada  is 
still  a  Territory.     Read  its  name. 

Tho  one  north  and  tho  one  south  of 
,  Kansas  are  still  Territories.     Their  names. 

How  many  are  still  Territories?     Nino. 

How  many  States  aro  not  Territories? 
Thirty-seven. 

Names. 

What  three  names  of  States  begin  with 
A?  What  five  with  0?  Two  with  D! 
What  one  with  F?  One  with  G?  Five 
with  I?  Two  with  K?  One  with  L? 
Eight  with  M?  Six  with  N?  Two  with 
O?  One  with  P?  One  with  R?  Two 
with  T?  One  with  U?  Two  with  V? 
Three  with  W? 

How  many  do  these  number  in  all  ? 

The  Border. 

Point  mo  out  Rritisli  America.  Tho 
Canadas.  The  Atlantic  Ocean.  Tho  Gulf 
of  Mexico.     Mexico.     The  Pacific  Ocean. 

What  States  border  on  Briti.sh  America? 
On  the  Canadas?  On  tho  Atlantic  Oce.an  ? 
On  the  Gulf  of  Mexico?  On  Mexico? 
On  thu  Pacific  Ocean  ? 

Directions. 

Put  your  finger  on  tho  source  of  each 
of  tho  following  rivers,  and  tell  tho  direc- 
tion of  its  mouth :  The  Mississippi.  Tho 
Missouri.  XJ>e  Rio  Grande.  The  Ohio. 
The  Platte.     The  Kansas.     The  Arkansas. 


33 


MEXICO    Aisri:)    ckxtral    amkuica. 


LESSON     I. 

Countries,  Cities,  Isthmuses,  Strait, 

I  will  spell  tlic  iiaiiK'S  of  tlicse,  aiul  you 
may  pronounco  tlicm. 

I  will  pronounce  the  names,  and  you 
may  spell  them  from  your  maps. 

Hold  your  maps  facing  me,  and  point 
out  the  places  as  I  name  them. 
Journeys. 

Trace  the  course  of  a  steamer  from  iho 
north-west  corner  of  the  map  to  Cape  St. 
Lucas. 

From  Cape  St.  Lucas  to  each  of  the  fol- 
lowing places,  separately  :  To  Guaymas. 
To  Mazatlan.  To  Manzanillo.  To  Aca- 
pulco. 

From  Acapulco  to  the  following  places : 
To  San  Juan  del  Sur.     To  Panama. 

TrRce  the  course  of  a  steamer  from 
Greytown  to  the  north-west  corner  of  the 
map.  From  Aspinwall  to  the  Atlantic 
Ocean. 

What  route  from  the  Pacific  States  to 
the  Atlantic  States  is  that  which  passes 
through  San  Juan  del  Sur  ?  The  "  Nica- 
ragua "  route. 

What  route  passes  through  Aspinwall  ? 
The  "Panama"  route. 
Definitions. 

Is  a  Strait  a  narrow  neck  of  land  con- 
necting two  larger  bodies  of  land  ?  No — 
that  is  an  Isthmus. 

What  is  a  Strait?  A  neck  of  water 
connecting  two  larger  bodies  of  water. 

What  is  a  Channel  ?     A  wide  Strait. 

What  Strait  on  the  map? 

What  bodies  of  water  docs  it  connect  f 

What  Channel  on  the  map  ? 

What  bodies  of  water  docs  it  connect  t 


LESSON   II. 

Islands,  Isthmuses    Sea,  Qulf,  and  Bays. 

I  will  spell  the  names  of  these,  and  you 
may  prououuee  them. 

I  will  pronounce  the  najnes,  and  you 
may  spell  them  from  your  maps. 

Hold  your  maps  facing  me,  and  point 
out  the  places  as  I  name  them. 

Definitions. 

What  is  an  Isthmus?  A  neck  of  land 
connecting  two  larger  bodies  of  land. 

What  two  Isthmuses  on  the  map  ? 

Which  looks  the  wider? 

What  bodies  of  water  does  the  Isthmus 
of  Panama  separate?  The  Isthmus  of 
Tchuantepec  ? 

What  bodies  of  land  does  the  Isthmus 
of  Tehnantcpcc  connect?  Parts  of  Mex- 
ico. The  Isthmus  of  Panama?  Parts  of 
New  Granada. 

Is  a  Sea  land,  or  water  ? 

How  does  it  compare  in  size  with  other 
bodies  of  water?  It  is  next  iu  size  to  an 
Ocean. 

What,  then,  is  a  Sea?  The  body  of  wa- 
ter next  in  size  to  an  Ocean. 

What  bodies  of  water  nearly  surround 
Yucatan  ? 

If  Yucatan  is  a  bo<ly  of  hind  nearly 
surrounded  by  water,  what  is  it  called  ? 
A  Peninsula. 

What  bodies  of  water  nearly  surround 
Lower  California? 

If  Lower  California  is  nearly  surround- 
ed by  water  what  is  it  called  ? 

With  what  mainland  is  Yucatan  con- 
nected ? 

Is  it  connected  by  on  Isthmus  ?    No. 


86 


IS^ORTH    AJVIEKICA 


NOIiTlI    AMKKICA. 

LESSON     1.                                                       LESSON     II. 

Countries^  Capitals,  Islands,  Mountains. 

Capes,  Isthmus,  Lakes,  Gulfs,  Bays,  d.c. 

I  will  spell  the  names  of  these,  ami  you 

I  will  spell  the  names  of  these,  and  you 

may  pronounce  them. 

may  pronounce  them. 

I  w-ill  pronounce   the  names,  and    you 

I   will  pronounce  the   names,  and   you 

may  spell  them  from  your  maps. 

may  spell  them  from  your  maps. 

Hold  your  maps  facing  me,  and  point 

Hold  your   maps  facing  me,  and  point 

out  the  places  as  I  name  them. 

out  the  places  as  I  name  them. 

I  will  name    the  States,  and  you    may 
read  the  Capitals. 

Journeys. 

I  will  name  tlie  Capitals,  and  you  may 

Through  what  waters  would  a  fish  swim 

read  tlie  States. 

from  Winnipeg  Lake  to  the  Caribbean  Sea^ 

Directions. 

Put  your  finger  on  each  Island,  in  turn, 
and  tell  tlie  directions  of  other  Islands. 

From    Hathn's    Bay   to    Lake    Superior  ? 
Over  wiiat  countries  would  a  bird  fly  from 
Russian    America    to    the    Isthmus    of 
Darien?                         ^V /V 

Definitions. 

V^ 

What  word,  in  geography,  means  the 

Definitions.                           i 

same  as  Large?     Grand. 

Is  a  Lake  land,  or  water? 

What  word  means  tiie   same  as  Part? 

Is  it  water  wholly  surrounded  by  land, 

Division. 

or  partly? 

What,  then,  docs  Grand  Division  mean? 

Wliat  do  we  call  a  body  of  water  partly 

Large  Part. 

surrounded  by  land?     A  (lulf,  or  Hay. 

North  America  is  a  Grand  Division  of 

What  is  the  point  called  where  a  River 

what?     The  Earth. 

begins?     Its  source. 

What  are  the   other   Grand  Divisions? 

Where  it  ends?     Its  mouth. 

Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  and  South  America. 

What  does  a  River  do  at   its  source? 

What  is  a  Range,  or   Chain,  of  Moun- 

Rises. 

tains?     Many  Mountains  standing  side  by 

What  does  it  do  at  its  mouth  ?     Empties. 

side. 

Is  a  River  standing  water,  or  flowing  ? 

What  Range  of  Mountains  on  the  map  ? 

Does  a  River  flow  from  its  source  to  its 

Is  it  an   Island,  or  a  Peninsula,  that  is 

mouth,  or  from  its  mouth  to  its  source? 

wliolly  surrounded  by  water? 

Docs  water  flow  down  hill,  or  up  hill  ? 

What  is  a  Peninsula  ? 

Is  it  down  hill,  or  >ip  hill,  from  the  source 

What  Peninsula  on  the  map  ? 

to  the  mouth  of  a  River? 

What  bodies  of  water  nearly  surround  it? 

How  do  you  know  it  must  be  down  hill  ? 

Name  some  Island  on  the  map. 

When   men  make  a  river,  by  digging, 

What  bodies  of  water  surround  it? 

what  is  it  called  ?     A  Caoal. 

31 


SOUTH  JLMERICA 


■^ageaan  strai* 


\Terra  del  Puefo 

Island 

'Cnpe  ITom, 


SOUTH     AMKUIOA. 

LESSON     1.                                                         LESSON     11. 

Countries  and  Capitals. 

lathmns,  Mountains,  Island,  Cape,  &c. 

I  will  spell  the  names  of  these,  and  you 

I  will  spell  the  names  of  these,  and  you 

may  pronounce  them. 

may  pronounce  them. 

I  will  pronounce   tlie  names,  and  you 

I   will  pronounce  the   names,  and  you 

may  spell  them  from  your  maps. 

may  spell  them  from  your  maps. 

Ilold  your  maps  facing  me,  and  point 

Hold  your  maps   facing  me,  and  point 

out  the  places  as  I  name  them. 

out  the  places  as  I  name  them. 

I  will  name  the  Countries,  and  you  may 

Locations. 

read  the  Capitals. 

I  will  name  the  Capitals,  and  you  may 
read  the  Countries. 

To  wlint  Country  does  the  Isthmus  of 
Darien  belong  ? 

To  which  docs  Capo  ITorn  belong? 

Directions. 

Between  what  two  countries  does  the 

Put  your  finger  on  Bogota,  and  tell  the 

Amazon    flow?     The   Parana?     The  Rio 

directions  of  the  other  Capitals. 

dela  Plata? 

Put  your  finger  on  the  centre  of  Bolivia, 

Between    what   two   countries   do   the 

and  tell  the  directions  of  the  centres  of 

Andes    lie?      Through   what   others    do 

the  other  countries. 

they  extend? 

Dimensions. 

What  large  Country  ?     "What  small  one  ? 
What  long  River  ?     What  short  one? 
What   long    Mountain    Range?      What 

Definitions. 

What  Isthmus  on  the  map  ?  What  Strait? 

Which  island,  and  which  is  water? 
•    Which   connects    bodies    of    land,  and 
which  connects  boilics  of  water? 

shorter  one  ? 

Which    separates   bodies   of    land,  and 

Definitions. 

which  separates  bodies  of  water  ? 

What  does  a  star  stand  for,  on  the  map  t 

What  bodies  of  land  does  the  Isthmus 

A  Capital  City. 

of  Darien  connect?     What  waters  does  it 

What  are  made  at  a  Capital  City  ?     Laws 

separate  ? 

for  the  Country. 

What  bmlies  of  w.ater  does  the  Strait  of 

What  is  one  law  whicli  is  always  made? 

Magellan   connect  ?      What  lands  does   it 

Not  to  steal. 

separate  ? 

Where  do  the  people  of  Ecuador  make 

What  is  a  Mountain?     A  point  of  land 

laws? 

reaching  up  towards  the  sky. 

What  people  make  their  laws  at  Carac- 

Many  Mountains,  in  a  long   row,  form 

cas  ? 

what?     A  Range,  or  Chain. 

What  is  an  Empire  ?    A  kind  of  Country. 

What  other  body  of  land  forms  a  point  ? 

Who  rules  an  Empire  ?     An  Emperor. 

A  Cape. 

39 


EUROPK. 


LESSON    I. 

Countries  and  Capitals. 

I  will  spell  the  names  of  these,  and  you 
may  pronounce  them. 

I  will  pronounce  the  names,  and  you 
may  spell  them  from  your  maps. 

Hold  your  maps  facing  me,  and  point 
out  the  places  as  I  name  them. 

I  will  name  the  Countries,  and  you  may 
read  the  Capitals. 

I  will  name  the  Capitals,  and  you  may 
read  the  Countries. 

DirectLous. 

Put  your  finger  on  London,  and  name 
some  Capital  City  lying  North-east  of  it. 
Lying  East.  Lying  South-east.  Lying 
South-west.     Lying  Nortli-west. 

Put  your  finger  on  Constantinople,  and 
name  some  Capital  City  lying  North  of 
it.     Lying  North-west.     Lying  West. 

Dimensions. 

Name  some  large  country.  Name  some 
small  one.  Name  two  countries  of  nearly 
the  same  size. 

Definitions. 

Between  what  countries  do  yon  find  a 
Strait? 

"What  bodies  of  water  does  this  Strait 
connect? 

Spell  from  tlio  map,  and  pronounce  the 
name  of  this  Strait. 

Do  the  same  with  the  name  of  another 
Strait. 

What  bodies  of  water  does  this  other 
Strait  connect  ? 

What  Countries  does  it  separate  ? 


LESSON    M. 

Mountains,  Islands,  Seas,  Guliis^  Ac. 

I  will  spell  the  names  of  these,  and  you 
may  pronounce  them. 

I  will  pronounce  the  names,  and  you 
may  spell  them  from  your  maps. 

Uuld  your  maps  facing  me,  and  point 
out  tlio  places  as  I  name  them. 

Directions. 

Put  your  finger  on  the  Black  Sea,  and 
tell  the  direction  of  the  White  Sea.  On 
the  Baltic,  and  tell  the  direction  of  the 
Adriatic.  On  the  Wliito  Sea,  and  toll  the 
direction  of  Iceland.  On  Corsica,  and  tell 
the  direction  of  the  Black  Sea. 
Definitions. 

A  Mountain  is  a  point  of  land  reaching 
up  into  what?     The  clouds,  or  sky. 

A  Capo  is  a  point  of  land  reaching  oat 
into  what?     The  water. 

What  other  name  is  given  to  a  Capo? 
A  Point. 

By  what  is  an  L«land  surrounded  ? 
Water. 

What  b(Mly  of  water  surrounds  Ice- 
land? 

By  what  is  a  I.ako  surrounded  ?     JjumI. 

Is  a  Country  a  hmly  of  land,  or  of 
water  ? 

What  land  surrounds  Lake  I^adoga  ? 

Is  a  Sea  salt  water,  or  fresh  ? 

Is  a  Sea  larger,  or  smaller,  than  an 
Ocean  ? 

Is  a  Bay  land  reaching  into  the  water, 
or  water  reacliing  into  the  land  ? 

Is  a  Gulf  like  a  Bay,  or  like  a  River? 

What  is  a  p«»int  of  land  reaching  into 
the  water  called  ?     A  Cape. 


41 


ASIA, 


LESSON    I. 


LESSON    II. 


Countries  and  Capitals. 

I  will  spell  the  niiiiies  of  these,  and 
yon  may  pronounce  them. 

I  will  pronounco  the  names,  and  you 
may  spell  them  from  your  maps. 

Hold  your  maps  facing  me,  and  point 
out  the  places  as  I  name  them. 

I  will  name  the  Countries^  and  you  may 
read  the  Capitals. 

I  will  name  the  Capitals,  and  you  may 
read  the  Countries. 
Directiona. 

Put  your  finger  on  some  country,  and 
name  some  other  country  north  of  it.  On 
some  country,  and  name  one  east  of  it. 
On  anotlier,  and  name  one  south  of  it. 
On  another,  and  name  one  west  of  it. 
Dimensions. 

Name  some  large  country  on  the  map. 
Name  some  small  country.    Name  a  mid- 
dle-sized country. 
Definitions. 

Point  me  out  an  Isthmus  on  the  map. 

Spell  and  pronounce  the  name  of  this 
Isthmus. 

What  boilies  of  land  does  this  Isthmus 
connect  ? 

What  bodies  of  water  does  it  separate  7 

What  is  an  Isthmus  sometimes  called  ? 
A  Neck. 

What,  then,  is  an  Isthmus?  A  narrow- 
neck  of  land,  connecting  two  larger  bodies 
of  land. 

IIow  could  you  make  the  waters  of  the 
Mediterranean  and  the  Ile<l  Seas  flow  to- 
gether? By  digging  a  Canal  acroM  the 
Isthmus  of  Suez. 


Mountsdns,  Islands,  Oceans,  Gulfs,  <Lc. 

I  will  spell  the  names  of  llies*;,  and  you 
may  pronounce  them. 

I  will  pronounco  the  names,  and  you 
may  spell  them  from  your  maps. 

Hold  your  maps  facing  me,  and  point 
out  tlie  places  a.s  I  name  them. 

Journeys. 

Through  what  waters  would  a  fish  swim 
from  the  Arctic  Ocean  to  the  Bay  of  Ben- 
gal? 

Through  what  countries  must  a  man 
ride  to  go  straight  from  Anam  to  Turkey  ? 
Definitions. 

Name  some  Sea  on  the  map. 

Is  a  Sea  land,  or  water  ? 

Are  Seas  the  largest  bodies  of  water,  or 
next  to  the  largest? 

What  are  the  largest  bodies  of  water  ? 

What  Oceans  on  the  map? 

Name  some  Bay  on  the  map. 

Is  a  Bay  water  wholly  surrounded  by 
land,  or  partly? 

What  is  water  wholly  surrounded  by 
land  ?     A  Lake. 

Name  some  Island  on  the  map. 

What  are  many  Islands  near  together 
called  ?     A  Group. 

What  Group  of  Islands  on  the  map  ? 

What  Sea  lies  between  a  Group  of 
Islands  and  the  mainland  ? 

Is  Ceylon  wholly  surrounded  by  water, 
or  partly? 

Is  Arabia  wholly  surrounded  by  water, 
or  partly? 

Which  is  a  Peninsula,  and  which  is  an 
Island  ? 


43 


AFRICA 


Cqgfi  of  G-oo^Oage 


AFRICA. 


LESSON    I. 

Countries  and  Capitals. 

I  will  spell  the  names  of  these,  and  you 
may  pronounce  them. 

I  will  pronounce  tlio  napies,  and  you 
may  spell  them  from  your  maps. 

Hold  your  maps  facing  me,  and  point 
out  the  places  as  I  name  them. 

I  will  name  the  Countries,  and  you  may 
read  the  Capitals. 

I  will  name  the  Capitals,  and  you  may 
road  the  Countries. 
Directions. 

Put  your  finger  on  Liberia.  Name  some 
country  North.     North-east.     East. 

Put  your  finger  on  Egypt.  Name  some 
country  South.     South-west.     West. 

Definitions. 

Point  me  out  a  Desert  on  the  map. 

How  many  names  lias  this  Desert  ?  Two. 

Spell  and  pronounce  (from  the  map)  the 
first  name. 

Spell  and  pronounce  (from  the  map)  the 
second  name. 

Is  a  Desert  land,  or  water? 

Is  it  a  place  where  mucii  rain  falls,  or 
little  ?     Little. 

If  little  rain  falls,  will  there  bo  few 
springs,  or  many  ? 

If  there  are  few  springs,  will  there  bo 
enough  water  for  plants,  or  too  little? 

If  there  is  little  water,  will  there  be 
many  plants,  or  few  ? 

If  there  is  little  water,  and  few  plants, 
in  the  Desert,  can  many  peoj)le  live  tliere, 
or  only  a  few? 

If  there  are  few  people,  will  there  be 
many  cities? 


LESSON    II. 

Straits,  Channel,  Oceans,  Rivers,  &c. 

I  will  spell  the  names  of  these,  and  you 
may  pronounce  them. 

I  will  pronounce  the  names,  and  you 
may  spell  them  from  your  maps. 

Hold  your  maps  lacing  me,  and  point 
out  the  places  as  I  name  them. 

Journeys. 

Through  what  countries  would  a  man 
pass   in   walking  along  the  shore  of  the 
Mediterranean  Sea?     The  Red  Sea?    Tiio 
Indian  Ocean?     The  Atlantic  Ocean? 
Definitioos. 

What  bodies  of  land  are  pointed  ?  Capes 
and  Moutitains. 

The  point  of  a  Mountain  reaches  where? 
Into  the  sky,  or  clouds. 

The  point  of  a  Cape  reaches  where  ? 
Into  the  water. 

What  other  name  given  to  a  Capo  ?  A 
Point. 

Many  mountains  side  by  side  form 
what?     A  Chain,  or  Range. 

What  Cape  on  the  map  ?  What  Range 
of  Moimtains? 

What  do  wo  call  a  long  and  narrow 
body  of  flowing  water  ?     .V  River. 

What  is  the  point  called  where  a  River 
begins?     Where  it  ends  ? 

Docs  it  rise  at  the  mouth,  or  at  tlio 
source?     What  does  it  do  at  its  mouth  ? 

Docs  a  river  flow  from  the  source  to  the 
mouth,  or  from  tho  mouth  to  the  source? 

Does  water  flow  down  hill,  or  up  hill  ? 

Which  way  is  up  hill ;  from  tho  source 
to  tho  mouth,  or  from  tho  mouth  to  tho 
Bonrce  ? 


46 


^<^^^^p^ 


WKSTERTsT  HEMISPHKRE. 


LESSON    I. 

Grand  Divisions,  Islands,  Cape. 

I  will  .•ipfll  the  naiiiea  of  thest',  and  yon 
may  pronounce  them. 

I  will  pronounce  tl»o  names,  and  you 
may  spell  them  from  your  maps. 

Hold  your  maps  facing  mc,  and  point 
out  the  places  as  I  namo  them. 

Definitions. 

What  is  the  Earth?  TIjo  planet  on 
which  we  live. 

What  is  a  planet?     A  kind  of  star. 

"Where  do  yon  see  the  stars?  Is  the 
Earth  like  one  of  them  ? 

Suppose  there  are  people  on  the  stars, 
what  do  they  say  when  they  IfKik  at  us? 
"There's  a  star." 

"What  is  the  shape  of  tlic  earth  ?    Round. 

Is  it  round  like  an  ornnce,  like  a  ring, 
like  a  piece  of  money,  or  like  a  lead-pencil  ? 

What  do  we  call  the  shape  of  an  orange? 
A  globe,  or  sphere. 

What  does  hemi  mean  ?     Half. 

"VThat  is  a  hemi-sphere  ?     A  half-globe. 

How  would  you  cut  an  orange,  to  get 
two  pieces  shaped  like  hemi-spheres  ?  Cut 
it  in  two  in  the  mid«lle. 

What  is  the  Western  Hemisphere  ?  The 
western  half  of  the  Earth. 

"What  is  the  Eastern  Hemisphere?  Tlic 
eastern  half  of  the  Earth. 

What  Grand  Divisions  of  the  Earth  in 
the  Western  llemi.«»phere? 

How  are  these  two  Grand  Dirisions  con- 
nected ? 

Put  these  two  Grand  Divisions  t^)gethcr, 
and  what  are  they  called  ?  Tlic  Wertcrn 
Continent. 


LESSON    II. 

Oceans,  Bay.i,  Rivers,   Mountains,  Ac. 

I  will  spell  the  names  of  these,  and  you 
may  pronounce  them. 

I  will  pronounce  the  names,  and  you 
may  spell  theni  from  your  nmps. 

Hold  your  maps  facing  me,  and  point 
out  the  places  as  I  namo  them. 

DefinitioQa 

What  does  Grand  mean  ?     I^i^e. 

What  d(K?s  Division  mean?     Part. 

What  does  Grand  Division  mean? 

North  America  is  a  Grand  Division  of 
what?     The  Earth. 

What  other  Grand  Division  in  this  Hemi- 
sphere ? 

Are  these  joined  together,  or  sc-parate  ? 

By  what  waters  are  they  snrronndcil? 

Connected  Grand  Divisions,  surrounded 
by  water,  form  what?     A  G>ntinent. 

North  and  South  America  fonn  what 
Continent  ?     The  Western. 

What  four  Oceans  in  the  Western  Ilerai- 
sjdjere  ? 

What  two  great  mountain  ranges  in  tlio 
Western  llcmis[there  ? 

What  two  great  rivers  in  this  Hemi- 
spliere? 

What  Island  gronp  between  North  and 
Sonth  America? 

What  Capo  at  the  Bonthem  end  of  South 
America  ? 

What  great  Bay  in  North  America  T 

What  four  Island  groups  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean  ? 

What  Island  e«.^  of  North  America  ? 

What  Strait  between  North  America 
and  A>ia? 


47 


c-s^SSS^p^),, 


EASTERN^    HEMISPHERE. 


LESSON    I. 

Grand  Diviaions  and  Islands. 

I  will  epell  the  names  of  these,  nnd  you 
inav  pronounce  them. 

I  will  pronounce  the  names,  and  you  may 
spell  thorn  from  your  maps. 

Hold  your  ma[»3  facing  me,  and  jioint  out 
the  places  as  I  name  them. 

Directiona. 

Put  your  finger  on  Mailagascar,  and  tell 
the  directions  of  the  Grand  Divisions,  and 
of  the  other  Islands. 

Definitions. 

What  is  a  Grand  Division?  A  large 
part  of  the  Earth. 

What  throe  Grand  Divisions  in  the 
Eastern  Ilemispherc  ?  Europe,  Asia,  and 
Africa. 

What  do  we  call  several  connected  Grand 
Divisions,  surrounded  by  water  ?  A  Con- 
tinent. 

Europe,  Asi;i,  and  Africa  together  form 
wliat  Continent?     Tlie  Eastern  Continent. 

What  Continent  in  the  Western  Hemi- 
sphere ? 

IIow  many  Continents  in  the  whole 
Eartii?     Two. 

Wliat  are  their  names? 

What  Grand  Divisions  does  each  con- 
tain ? 

What  immense  island  in  the  Eastern 
Hemisphere?     Au.stralio. 

Wiiat  other  division  of  land  is  Australia 
sometimes  said  to  bo?     A  Continent. 

What  other  division,  still,  is  it  some- 
times said  to  constitute?  A  Grand  Di- 
vision. 


LESSON     II. 

Oceans,  MouuL.uii3,  Seas,  Rivers,  Cape. 

I  will  spoil  the  names  of  these,  and  you 
may  pronounce  them. 

I  will  pronounce  the  names,  ami  you 
may  si)oll  them  from  your  inaj)!i. 

Hold  your  maps  facing  me,  and  point 
out  the  places  as  I  name  them. 
Definitions. 

What  is  something  that  is  a  kind  of  star  ? 
A  planet. 

On  what  planet  do  we  live  ?     The  Earth. 

What  is  the  Earth  shajtcd  like?  An 
orange. 

What  name  do  wo  give  to  this  shape? 
A  globe,  or  sphere.  What  is  half  a  globe 
called  ?     A  hemispiiero. 

What  is  the  western  half  of  the  Earth 
called?     The  Western  lIemisi)iioro. 

What  is  the  eastern  half  of  the  Eartli 
called?     The  Eastern  nemisi)here. 

The  names  of  what  three  Grand  Divisions 
in  tlie  Eastern  Hemisphere  begin  with  A? 

What  other  Grand  Division  there? 

What  single  Grand  Division  forms  a 
Continent?     AustnOia. 

What  two  Grand  Divisions  form  a  Con- 
tinent?    North  and  South  America. 

What  three  Grand  Divisions  form  a  Con- 
tinent ?     Europe,  .Vsia,  and  .\frioa. 

Is  a  Grand  Division  land,  or  water? 

Is  a  Continent  land,  or  water  ? 

Docs  a  Hemisphere  embrace  lanil  only, 
or  water  also? 

What  five  Oceans  in  the  Eastern  Hemi- 
sphere ? 

Which  of  these  Oceans  is  not  found  in 
the  Western  Hemisphere? 


■10 


PRONUNCIATIONS. 

^ 

Acapulco ;  ak-kah-pool'ko. 

Comorin;  kom'o-rin. 

Afghanistan ;  af-gan-is'tan. 

Conception ;  kon-sep'shun. 

Albuquerque ;  al-boo-kerk. 

Altai  ;  al-ti'. 

Da-ko'ta. 

Amoor ;  ah-raoor' 

Dalles;  dalz. 

Ar-kan'sas. 

Des  Moines ;  de  moin'. 

Assumption ;  as-siimp'shun. 

Diablo;  de-ab'lo. 

Dubuque ;  du-book'. 

Ba-ha'ma, 

Baton  Rouge  ;  bat'on  roozh. 

Ecuador ;  ek'wah-dor. 

Beloocbistan ;  bel-oo-chis'tan. 

Edinburgh  ;  ed'in-b&r-riih. 

Bengal ;  ben-gawl'. 

Benicia ;  be-nisli'ya. 

Fezzan;  fez-zahn'. 

Bogota;  bo-go-tah'. 

Boise;  boyce. 

Gila;  hee'lah. 

Bor'ne-o. 

Granada ;  grah-nah'da. 

Brazos;  brali'zos. 

Guaymas;  gwi'mas. 

Buenos  Ayres ;  bo'nos  a'riz. 

Guiana;  ghe-ah'nah. 

Guinea;  ghin'ne. 

Cairo  (Egypt)  ;  ki'ro. 

Cafion;  kan'yon. 

Himalaya;  him-a-la'a. 

Caraccas;  ka-rak'kas. 

Hin-do-stan'. 

Caribbean ;  kar-rib-bee'an. 

Caucasus ;  kaw'kah-sus. 

I'da-ho. 

Celebes ;  sel'e-bez. 

Ceylon ;  se-l6n'. 

Java;  jah'va. 

Chili;  chil'lee. 

Jedo;  jed'o. 

Chuquisaca;    choo-ke-sah'kah. 

Cirabebas ;  siin-bay'bas. 

Khartoom;  kar-toom'. 

50 


PRONITNCIATIOiS^S. 


Madeira;  ma-day'rah. 

San  Bernardino;  san  ber-nar-dee'no. 

Manzanillo ;  man-za-nil'lo. 

San  Bias;  san  bhiss. 

Mazatlan  ;  maz-at-lan'. 

San  Diego  ;  san  de-a'go. 

Jlesilla ;   me-sil'la. 

San  Jose ;  san  ho-say'. 

Messina;  mes-seo'nah. 

San  Leaiidro  ;  san  lay-an'dro. 

Montana;  nion-tah'na. 

San  Pablo;  san  pah'blo. 

Monterey ;  mon-ter-i'. 

San  Juan  del  Sur  ;  san  waun  del  soor'. 

Mon-te-vld'c-o. 

Santa  Cruz;  san ' tali  kroos. 

Mozambitiue ;  mo-zam-beek'. 

Santa  Fe ;  san'ta-fay. 

Santiago;  san-te-ali'go. 

Napa;  nap'a. 

Soodan ;  soo-dalin'. 

Nevada;  ne-vali'dah. 

Stockholm;  stok'liulm. 

New  Orleans ;  nu  or'le-ttn*. 

Suisun  ;  soo-i-soon'. 

Nicaragua;  nik-ar-ali'gwah. 

Sumatra;  soo-inah'tra. 

Obe;  o'bee. 

Teekalet;  tee-kay'let. 

Olympia  ;  o-liin'pe-a. 

Teheran;  teh-her-ahn'. 

Owhyee ;  o-wi'ee. 

Tehuantepec ;  tay-waun'tah-pek. 

Pannma ;  pan-a-mali'. 

Paraguay ;  pairrah-gwi. 

Pecos;  pay'koce. 

Po'kin. 

Petalnma;    pet-a-loo'mah. 

Terra  del  Fuego  ;  tcr'ra  del  fu-ee'go. 
Tocantins;  to- kan -teens'. 
Tripoli ;  trip'o-le. 
Tucson  ;  took'siin. 

Tulare ;  too-lah'rc. 

Philippine ;  fil'lip-pin. 
Prussia:  prooshya. 
Pyrenees;  pir'e-ueez. 

Ural ;  yoo'ral. 
Uruguay ;  oo'roo-gwi. 
Utali;  yoo'taw. 

Quito;   kee'to. 

Vancouver's ;  van-koo'verz. 

Reyes ;  raiz. 

Venezuela ;  ven-ez-way'la. 

Rio  Grande  (N.  A.);  ri'o  grand. 

Vera  Cruz;  vcr'ah  krooz. 

Rio  Janeiro  ;  ri'o  ja-nay'ro. 

Vienna;  ve-en'na. 

Russia;  roosh'ya. 

Walla  Walla ;  wol'la  wol'la. 

Sabine ;   Rali-l>cen'. 

Sahara;  sah-hah'rah. 

Yreka;  wi-re'ka. 

61 


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